Backward design is a method of lesson planning that starts with the end goals in mind and then works backward to create the instructional activities. Here's a stepbystep guide on how to backward design a lesson plan:
Step 1: Identify Desired Results
Determine the Learning Objectives: Clearly define what you want students to know, understand, and be able to do by the end of the lesson.
Establish Essential Questions: Develop openended questions that stimulate thought and inquiry related to the learning objectives.
Prioritize Content: Decide on the key concepts, skills, and knowledge that are most important for students to learn.
Step 2: Determine Acceptable Evidence
Assessments: Decide how you will measure students' understanding and proficiency. This can include formative assessments (quizzes, observations, discussions) and summative assessments (tests, projects, presentations).
Performance Tasks: Design tasks that require students to apply their knowledge and skills in meaningful ways. These should align with the learning objectives and provide clear evidence of understanding.
Step 3: Plan Learning Experiences and Instruction
Instructional Activities: Develop engaging and effective activities that will help students achieve the learning objectives. These could include lectures, discussions, handson activities, group work, and individual practice.
Resources and Materials: Identify the resources and materials needed for the lesson, such as textbooks, digital tools, manipulatives, and handouts.
Sequence of Instruction: Organize the activities in a logical sequence that builds upon prior knowledge and leads to deeper understanding.
Example of Backward Design in Practice
Step 1: Identify Desired Results
Learning Objective: Students will understand the causes and effects of the American Revolution.
Essential Questions:
What were the main causes of the American Revolution?
How did the American Revolution impact different groups of people?
What were the longterm effects of the American Revolution on the United States?
Step 2: Determine Acceptable Evidence
Formative Assessments:
Quiz on key events and figures of the American Revolution.
Class discussion on the causes of the Revolution.
Written reflection on the impact of the Revolution on various groups.
Summative Assessment:
Research project and presentation on a specific aspect of the American Revolution.
Essay analyzing the longterm effects of the Revolution.
Step 3: Plan Learning Experiences and Instruction
Instructional Activities:
Lecture and Discussion: Overview of the causes and major events of the American Revolution.
Group Activity: Analyze primary source documents related to the Revolution.
Interactive Timeline: Create a timeline of key events leading up to the Revolution.
RolePlay: Simulate a debate between Patriots and Loyalists.
Project Work: Research and present on the impact of the Revolution on different groups (e.g., Native Americans, African Americans, women).
Resources and Materials:
Textbook chapters on the American Revolution.
Primary source documents (letters, speeches, articles).
Digital tools for creating presentations and timelines.
Art supplies for visual projects.
By using the backward design approach, you ensure that all elements of your lesson are aligned with the desired learning outcomes, leading to more focused and effective instruction.
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